He threw 39 innings and struck out 41, walked 15 and held opposing hitters to a . The switch-hitting Vidro donned Expos and Nationals uniforms for 10 of his 12 Major League seasons, and he slashed .301/.363/.459 with an .821 OPS, 1,280 hits, 550 RBIs and 115 home runs during his tenure. As always, value-based metrics formed the core of the evaluation process, including WAR ratings from both Baseball-Reference and Fangraphs, which calculate it differently. Bottom line: Remember when Tom Herr hit a walk-off grand slam in 1987 that led St. Louis past the New York Mets? Brian Dozier is a lifetime .245 hitter, but he's hit 192 home runs and made $30 million in career salary. But, for now, the distinction belongs to Giles, who is the only second baseman in franchise history to produce a 110 OPS+ in at least three seasons. The first is Bobby Grich. .328/.393/.429, OPS -- .822, Hits -- 3,053, HRs -- 92, RBIs -- 1,015, The Tony Gwynn or Ichiro Suzuki of his era, Carew was a master of bat control and one of the great bunters in the game's history. Photo by Ben Gorman/Unsplash | Adapted by Justin Redler (@reldernitsuj on Twitter). Bottom line: "Ryno" was the gold standard for second basemen during his 16-year career. He was the all-time home run leader among second baseman until Jeff Kent passed him. He worked to toughen his hands, and felt that he was more sure handed without the leather. Baseball Best MLB Defensive Players of All Time By Paul Ladewski, updated on March 11, 2020 Old-Time Baseball Photos / Facebook TTO has done more to hurt defense than Daniel Murphy ever could on his worst day. Frisch broke in with the New York Giants in 1919 and played for 19 seasons. He batted .274 in his career, and while he didnt hit for much power -- Gantners homer off Oaklands Dave Stewart on Sept. 3, 1991, was his first in 1,762 at-bats spanning 544 games -- Gantner became a steady hand at second base, thanks in part to a strong throwing arm hed honed as a boy playing catcher. In a few weeks, well keep moving around the diamond and rank the Top Ten Shortstops. Bottm line: Freddy Sanchez overcame physical adversity to become a professional athlete, having been born with a pigeon-toed left foot and a club right foot. He is one of seven players in MLB history to win consecutive World Series titles with different teams: the Kansas City Royals in 2015 and the Chicago Cubs in 2016. Brooks Robinson and Scott Rolen. He'll be . Only Ty Cobb has a higher lifetime batting average than Hornsbys .358. Sandberg went on to manage Philadelphia from 2013 to 2015. 8) MLB Power Rankings: Trade candidate C.J. 42. Bottom line: In 2012, Darwin Barney won the Gold Glove Award the first by a Chicago Cubs second baseman since Ryne Sandberg won nine in a row (1983-91). Bottom line: Rich Dauer was a winner. Big numbers? He could run, hit, hit for power, and play stellar defense. Thursday brings the Top 10 infielders by position of all time, followed by pitchers and catchers on Friday. He debuted in 1896 with the Phillies at first base but moved to second in 1898, where he would become famous. It's why he's a top tier Hall of Famer at the position. Glenn Hubbard (1980s) offensive rating: D +. Hubbard played much of his career for those Atlanta Braves teams that had an overabundant amount of ground ball pitchers on their team. Add in the questions about his defense, and you've got a guy that, yes, I'd include toward the bottom of this list, but only after guys like Chase Utley and Robbie Cano, never mind rating him with Alomar or Morgan. Teams: New York Yankees, Seattle Mariners, New York Mets. He is on the short list of the greatest right-handed hitters ever. His 2003 and 04 seasons are the most prolific for any second baseman in franchise history. In 2015, he was hired to manage the Milwaukee Brewers, leading them to the NLCS in 2018. These are the second basemen with the best fielding percentages in major league history. Offense and defense? -- Dan Mullen, senior MLB editor, Teams Over that span, The Mechanical Man would lead the league in games four times; hits, runs, and doubles twice; and triples, stolen bases, and batting average once. Phillies top 5 >, Brewers: Jim Gantner, 1976-92Key fact: No. Bottom line: You can go far in baseball if you can play defense and have some pop in your bat. Hornsby bounced around considerably for the rest of his career for a player of his caliber. He played 10 seasons; give him another seven or eight and he'd be right up there with Rogers Hornsby and Joe Morgan. Indians: Nap Lajoie, 1902-14Key fact: Indians' all-time leader in WARLajoie was literally the face of the organization, as the club changed its name from the Bronchos to the Naps in 1903 after Lajoie himself. The top second basemen make the routine look easy and the difficult look routine. And hes been to the All-Star Game four times. In 1990, Oquendo recorded just three errors while playing in 150 games. Once we whittled down the list, we incorporated offensive stats and honors/awards to finalize it. But Bill James presented this conclusion, Jody Reed is second all time in the history of MLB in defensive Win Shares per season for a second baseman, behind only Bill Mazeroski. The next four seasons were magical for Morgan, especially 1975 and 1976. Required fields are marked *. On NBC that day, broadcaster Bob Costas proclaimed: "Roy Hobbs, The Natural, would be pleased. Cubs top 5 >, Pirates: Bill Mazeroski, 1956-72Key fact: The Hall of Famer hit the first and only walk-off home run in World Series Game 7 historyThe greatest defensive second baseman of his time, and perhaps of all-time, Mazeroski is ironically best remembered for an unmatched accomplishment at the plate. .358/.434/.577, OPS -- 1.010, Hits -- 2,930, HRs -- 301, RBIs -- 1,584, His hitting stats are undeniable, even coming in a high-scoring era. He was a three-time All-Star, won three consecutive Gold Glove Awards and was part of the franchise's two World Series championship teams. His signature moment arrived during his 1984 NL MVP-winning season, when he hit two homers off Bruce Sutter in a five-hit, seven-RBI outburst to help the Cubs beat St. Louis. 4. Robinson won the MVP a few years later when he batted .342 with 37 SBs and 124 RBI in 1949. You get Glenn Hubbard's defensive numbers, off the chart. After retiring, Loretta joined the San Diego Padres as a special assistant. Philadelphia Phillies (1981), Chicago Cubs ('82-94, '96-97), Honors I guess that's why many historians say that Reed was among the best defensive second basemen that have ever graced the field, I agree with them on Reed. We use bWAR. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Here we go. Philadelphia A's (1906-14, '27-30), Chicago White Sox ('15-26), Championships History unblurred. For the purposes of this exercise, Alfonzo is only eligible at one position; with that in mind, second base, which is statistically one of the weakest in Mets history, seems an excellent place to give Alfonzo his proper due. Former Yankees captains on what awaits Aaron Judge, Angelos says Orioles staying put, scolds reporter, Sources: Cubs, 1B Mancini agree on 2-year deal, Padres give 16-year-old catching prospect $5.6M, Jays bullpen coach Buschmann stepping down, Alonso: Mets on the brink of something special, Cubs to honor Sandberg, who sees issue for Sosa. The way it really is. He hit north of .300 in five times while winning seven Silver Sluggers. Here's what happened with Hubbard, he DID play on ground ball teams (generally speaking). He was a tremendous all-around athlete and played multiple sports in college, which, along with World War II, delayed his eventual career in MLB. On top of his defense, Frisch was fast as lightning, leading the league in SBs three times. It's why he's a top-tier Hall-of-Fame second baseman, the earliest second baseman in the Hall of Fame and one of the 10 best second basemen in the history of MLB. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1937, with the second group of Cooperstown legends. Three years later, he became the first American League second baseman to hit 40 homers in a season, finishing with 42 overall. In 2004, he scored the last-ever run for the Montreal Expos, before they relocated to Washington, D.C. Rays top 5 >, Red Sox: Dustin Pedroia, 2006-presentKey fact: Only player to win MVP Award, Rookie of the Year Award, World Series title and Gold Glove Award within first two MLB seasonsHonestly, what a tough call this was. Heck, he may be number one in all of baseball when considering what he meant to the game. Astros top 5 >, Athletics: Eddie Collins, 1906-14, '27-30Key fact: His 55.9 fWAR is third highest in franchise history among position players (first among second basemen)A member of the famed $100,000 Infield" assembled by owner Connie Mack in the early 1900s, Collins was an elite hitter who went six straight seasons (1909-14) without batting lower than .324. -- Tristan Cockcroft, ESPN.com senior writer, Honors He was the AL second baseman in the first six All-Star Games, when he was already in his 30s. Dodgers top 5 >, Giants: Jeff Kent, 1997-2002Key fact: Hit 351 of his 377 career home runs as a second baseman, a Major League record for the positionKent played for six teams over his 17-year career, but he enjoyed his most prolific stretch during his tenure with the Giants. 20 is one of three retired numbers in Royals history. Teams: Oakland Athletics, Colorado Rockies, Los Angeles Dodgers, St. Louis Cardinals. And they can be a pitchers best friend. After one season with the Athletics, in which Lajoie dominated the league in almost every statistical category, including the Triple Crown, he moved on to Cleveland. He went to four consecutive World Series with the club from 1921 through 1924, coming out a winner in the first two. Best Season: 2008 - .292/.380/.535 with 33 home runs, 104 RBIs, 64 walks, a .915 OPS, 6.0 offensive WAR, 3.5 defensive WAR and an 8.2 fWAR Being blocked by Placido Polanco early in his career and knee injuries at the back-half of his prime kept Utley from accumulating the type of counting statistics to make him a slam-dunk Hall of Famer. In the field, he's smooth and effortless with a strong arm. Once Jackie debuted with the Dodgers in 1947, it became clear that he belonged. Still, compare their three-year tenures specifically in San Diego, and its Loretta who comes out on top. However, as Robinsons career was relatively short, he lags in the counting stats. He was also an "A +" offensively. Hall of Famer Red Schoendienst was great after being acquired midway through the 1957 world championship season, but he began being worn down by tuberculosis the next year. Reds top 5 >, D-backs: Ketel Marte, 2017-presentKey fact: Selected as the 2019 NL All-Star starter at second baseIn a close race with Jay Bell, Marte gets the nod here. He made his first of six consecutive MLB all-star games that season and led the league in stolen bases and batting average. In 2008, the Dominican-American received his U.S. citizenship in a ceremony before a Tigers-Indians game. This incident ruined fan perception of Alomar for better or for worse. In 13 years with the Cardinals, Hornsby hit .359/.427/.568 with 193 home runs and 1,072 RBIs. And he was the best the Rays have ever had. There was a historian once that just called him an "A" instead of an "A +". 2 jersey retired in '76 and has a sculpture with shortstop Luis Aparicio on the Guaranteed Rate Field concourse. His 377 home runs are tops among second basemen, and he has more hits than several Hall . Frank White was not only the best second baseman in Royals history, he is one of the greatest defensive second baseman in baseball history. The Big Red Machine also made it to the World Series that year, losing in seven games to the Oakland As. The reason that I'm telling you this is so YOU don't make the same mistake as that guy did. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. To start the 2018 season, Panik set an MLB record by becoming the first player to hit solo home runs in back-to-back 1-0 victories. White Sox top 5 >, Angels: Bobby Grich, 1977-86Key fact: 35.1 bWAR is fifth highest in club historyOne of the most underrated players of his era, Grich was the first inductee into the Angels Hall of Fame in 1988, and many believe he has a strong case to be in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, as well. However, his biggest fight came when he jumped his contract with the Phillies to join the insurgent American League Athletics in 1901. Teams: Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, Oakland Athletics, Kansas City Royals, Chicago Cubs. The position is home to those who couldn't hack it at shortstop or slug enough to earn a corner-infield job. Why? Kent slashed .297/.368/.535 and averaged 29 home runs and 115 RBIs over his six years in San Francisco. But he was immediately fired, beaten over the head with wiffle ball bats and called names because of it. -- Schoenfield, If Joe Morgan played today, he would be viewed as the ultimate Sabermetric player. Teams Brewers top 5 >, Cardinals: Rogers Hornsby, 1915-26, '33Key fact: .359 average ranks first all-time in Cardinals historyHornsby was a feisty player on and off the field who fine-tuned his life for one thing: Hitting. Glenn Hubbard played the position more frequently than anybody else and Mark Lemke will always be linked to the greatness of the 1990s. Anyway, most of you know that Bill James pretty much invented the Win Shares system, which so many take as gospel. His long career puts him high in the record books among second basemen. A broken finger finally forced him to wear a glove in 1896, and that year he fielded .978, a record fielding percentage for a second baseman until well into the 1900s. Playing for the Rockies from 2012 to 2018, he was a three-time Gold Glove winner (2014, 2017 and 2018), and was an All-Star pick in 2015 and 2017 but not in 2016, when he wound up as the NL batting champion. This move helped legitimize the AL, but Lajoies time with the As was short-lived as legal action by the NL prevented him from playing in Philadelphia for any team other than the Phillies. In 1991 he was elected to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility with 90.5% of the vote. PRIME = WAR in best five consecutive seasons. Kinsler spent eight years with the Rangers while Franco was in Texas for five. Seven-time All-Star (2006, '10-14, '16), two Gold Gloves ('10, '12), five Silver Sluggers ('06, '10-13), Career stats* Why Jeff Kent belongs in the Hall. Bottom line: Jose Oquendo primarily played second base and shortstop, but made at least one appearance at every position during his major league career. Indians top 5 >, Royals: Frank White, 1973-90Key fact: Five All-Star Games, eight Gold Glove AwardsOK, so theres absolutely no debate about this choice. He was also a great World Series performer, winning four titles and hitting .328 in 34 career games. Santiago Espinal turned 28 last November. .311/.409/.474, OPS -- .883, Hits - 1,518, HRs -- 137, RBIs - 734, Here's the thing about Robinson: His legacy as one of the most important individuals in U.S. cultural history has obscured that he was an amazing player. 1. His defensive rating on Fangraphs leads all second basemen all-time with over 1,000 plate appearances. He won the College World Series twice at USC. + - Indicates Hall of Famer. He pretty much got the job done offensively, ever so slightly below average. Second basemen are an important part of a baseball teams defense. He ranks first in stolen bases; second in games played, plate appearances, triples, and runs; third in batting average; and sixth in RBI. Cano was a regular post-season participant in his time with New York and a member of the 2009 World Championship team. The BBWAA wasted no time adding him to the group at Cooperstown, electing him in his first year of eligibility in 1990. That score is 114th all-time entering the 2020 season and puts him narrowly above the likes of Sal Bando (61.5), Willie Davis (60.8), and Gary Sheffield (60.5). Bottom line: A three-time All-Star, Ben Zobrist is a well-rounded utility player. Unfortunately for Carew, he wouldnt find much post-season success in Anaheim either. Pirates top 5 >, Reds: Joe Morgan, 1972-79Key fact: His 98.9 career WAR is second all-time at second base (behind only Rogers Hornsby)When Morgan was acquired from the Astros after the 1971 season in an eight-player trade, it gave the Big Red Machine the extra gear it needed to create a true dynasty. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. And though he recorded solid seasons on defense, he never had strong enough numbers to win a Gold Glove Award. After release from Dodgers, what's next for Trevor Bauer? Thus, in addition to career WAR, we looked at WAR7 (seven best seasons), WAR/162 (Avg WAR per season), and the number of seasons the player was among the WAR leaders in the league. I just love that old quote from Hano. Your email address will not be published. A player with no weakness in his game. Those who saw him described him as one of the best defensive players of that era. Table of Contents Who are the best MLB second basemen of all time? if u dont have Maz in the top ten,your list is bogus.NO-ONE did the double play pivot better,not to mention the only 9th inn walk off homer in a game 7 of the wrld series,not to mention ,against the highly favored New York Yanks! I suppose that makes him one of the 10 best overall second basemen in the history of MLB. He's an A + offensive second baseman, too. I think he was the best ever, barehanded. Frisch was also one of the 10 best offensive secondbasemen in the history of MLB. Kent was one of the best offensive second basemen of all time and arguably the position's best power hitter. 10-time NL All Star (1966, '70, '72-79), All-Star MVP ('72), five NL Gold Gloves ('73-77), two-time NL MVP ('75-76), one NL Silver Slugger ('82), Hall of Fame ('90), Career stats* In 1949, seven years after he played his last game, Gehringer was elected to the Hall of Fame. The 26-year-old is coming off his first career Gold Glove award, making him one of the top defensive players in the league. But he cemented his spot on the roster by participating in the Giants' World Series win in 2014, was named an All-Star in 2015 and won a Gold Glove Award in 2016. Either way, Grich, Childs and Richardson are the three best second basemen in the history of MLB that are not in the Hall of Fame, with arguments from Davey Lopes (1970s) and Tom Daly. Hughie Critz (1930s) offensive rating: D -, "The New York Giant infield of Hughie Critz, Bill Terry, Travis Jackson and Freddie Lindstrom, the million dollar infield as it was called, and it used to perform up to its namethey were so deft, so quick, so breathtaking that the fans would sit, first in stunned silence, and then in gathered bedlam"-Arnold Hano, respected baseball historian. Bobby Doerr (1940s) offensive rating: A +. Of course, once they point this out, they then proceed to rate him an "A +" defensively and call him one of the best defensive second basemen of all time. 3. Marlins top 5 >, Mets: Edgardo Alfonzo, 1995-2001Key fact: His .318 average with runners in scoring position is highest in Mets historyAlfonzo might be the trickiest Met to rank because he appeared in 524 career games for the team at second base and 515 at third, spending three full seasons as the starter at each position. While it's hard, if not impossible, to compare across eras, there is a lot of evidence that baseball players have been improving defensively over the years, so fairly recent players a. Following his MLB career, Dauer spent 19 seasons as a pro coach and won the 2017 World Series with the Houston Astros as a first-base coach. In 1997, MLB retired the number 42, which Robinson wore, across all of baseball. In 2008, he was the AL MVP and won the Silver Slugger Award. Bottom line: Brandon Phillips was an All-Star three times, and over a long major league career, he won four Gold Glove Awards and one Silver Slugger Award. For his efforts, Marte finished fourth in the NL MVP race. On top of his defense, Frisch was fast as lightning, leading the league in SBs three times. 8. Mets top 5 >, Nationals: Jos Vidro, 1997-2004 (Expos/Nationals)Key fact: Vidro leads all second basemen in franchise history with a 16.5 bWARThe switch-hitting Vidro played for the Expos and Nationals for 10 of his 12 Major League seasons, slashing .301/.363/.459 with an .821 OPS, 1,280 hits, 550 RBIs and 115 home runs during that time. After retiring in 1997, Reed went into coaching. Generally, a players Career Value is worth about 50-60% of the ranking score we assign him. The top 100 will roll out next week. Nicknamed "The Frenchman," Nap Lajoie was one of the best hitters and second basemen of the early part of the 20th century. He was a Top 10 MVP finalist five times. .320/.404/.480, OPS -- .884, Hits -- 2,839, HRs -- 184, RBIs -- 1,427, They called him The Mechanical Man, a tribute to his consistency. The most decorated second baseman of all-time, Sandberg has won more Silver Slugger Awards (7) than anyone at the position to date, beginning with his 1984 NL MVP-winning campaign in which he hit . Not if you ask me. Teams: San Francisco Giants, New York Mets. Somehow, a quiet top-tier Hall-of-Fame second baseman because he was Ted Williams' teammate in Boston. He has been mythologized, but if anything, he was exceptionally -- and an exceptional -- human. Inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2011, Alomar is considered by many to be the greatest player in Blue Jays history, and he remains involved with the organization through the Blue Jays Baseball Academy and Tournament 12. Kent, a career .290 hitter, holds the all-time record for most home runs by a second baseman with 351 (out of 377). I hate to bring up Bill James again (actually, I love it), but he came to an amazing conclusion on Bill Mazeroski, too. 2. He finished second in rookie-of-the-year voting that season and led the league in walks. Either way, Bill James comes to this conclusion on Mazeroski: his 113 defensive career Win Shares is 1st all time in the history of MLB for a second baseman. He played in over 2,000 games. He also won an MVP with the Cards in 1931 and made it to three all-star games after the inaugural game in 1933. We believe our rankings are the most comprehensive, fair, and accurate. His lone All-Star appearance was 1985 the year he notched 110 RBI while hitting just eight home runs. JAWS (Jaffe WAR Score system) was developed by sabermetrician Jay Jaffe as a means to measure a player's Hall of Fame worthiness. LONG PEAK = WAR in best seven seasons. Teams: Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, Detroit Tigers. -- Schoenfield, Rogers Hornsby batted .424 in 1924. 1. Rod Carew 5. In addition to his batting titles, Hornsby led the league in runs five times, hits/doubles/RBI four times, triples/homers twice, and OBP/SLG nine times. Nationals top 5 >, Phillies: Chase Utley, 2003-15Key fact: 62.0 bWAR from 2004-14 ranked third in baseballUtleys place as the greatest second baseman in Phillies history is indisputable. His offensive prowess is among the greatest of all players, not just second basemen. In only his fourth season, Tommy Edman of the St. Louis Cardinals has secured the top spot among second basemen. No player in history has a higher single-season batting average with as many plate appearances as Hornsby had in 1924. They include All-Stars, World Series champions, Hall of Famers and baseball legends. Based upon Gold Gloves won, Ivan Rodriguez is the clear victor, while based upon fielding percentage, numerous players who spent more than 10 seasons in the Majors have a . .271/.392/.427, OPS -- .819, Hits -- 2,517, HRs -- 268, RBIs -- 1,133, In 1975 and 1976, Joe Morgan towered over the National League, winning back-to-back MVP awards, with WAR totals of 10.9 and 9.6. Kent was one of the best offensive second basemen of all time and arguably the position's best power hitter. Between the lines, Alomar was about as good as it gets. Playing for the Colorado Rockies two years later in the best season of his career, Carroll committed just three errors at second base, and led all NL second basemen in fielding percentage. He bounced back and forth between playing shortstop and second base throughout his MLB career. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Hornsby got a taste of the show in 1915 and was a regular with the Cardinals the following season. He currently writes for FantasyPros and Pitcher List and will vehemently defend the validity of the Dodgers' 60-game season championship. Teams: New York Mets, St. Louis Cardinals. A two-time Gold Glove winner best known for his defense, Kolten Wong quietly put together the best offensive season of his career in 2022. Anthony Rendon /.9715/, 6.Brooks Robinson+ . The other two are Cupid Childs (1890s) and Hardy Richardson (1880s). Ultimately, however, Pedroias body of work was just enough to put him a hair above Hall of Famer Bobby Doerr as the best to ever play second base for the Red Sox. His 377 home runs are tops among second basemen, and he has more hits than several Hall . But it's his time in Cleveland that I think of first, when Alomar and Omar Vizquel mastered the dance of the double play as well as any duo I have ever seen. 1/9 Tommy Edman, St. Louis Cardinals - 96. Roberto Alomar FAQ Who are the best MLB second basemen of all time? Cardinals top 5 >, Cubs: Ryne Sandberg, 1982-97Key fact: In the 22 seasons since Sandberg's retirement, 13 players have started at second base for the Cubs on Opening Day (none more than two years in a row)At the time of his retirement, Sandberg owned the MLB record for homers by a second baseman, while also having set the mark for consecutive games without an error (123). Two NL Triple Crowns (1922, '25), two-time NL MVP ('25, '29), Hall of Fame ('42), Championships "Based on the distance that there was away from the goal line, I knew they were in sneak formation," Wilson said . Also in 2001, Counsell was named the MVP of the NLCS. New York Yankees (2005-13), Seattle Mariners ('14-present), Honors Lajoie was a fierce competitor, often getting into it with umpires. Modern measures credit him with an average of 9.5 WAR per season over a five-year period. He led the league in WAR three times as a second baseman. He's finally in the Hall of Fame, where he belongs. As is always the case, we tried to balance the rankings between longevity and dominance to get a good cross-section. Six-time All-Star (1933-38), MVP ('37), Hall of Fame ('49), Career stats What we do know is that Cano owns the second-highest OPS among second basemen whove played in the last 50 years (first was Jeff Kent, in case youre wondering). The entire Os infield was excellent defensively, and Grich was the anchor on the right side, helping Baltimore to consecutive division championships in 73 and 74. He was a 10-time All-Star (from 1984-93) and a nine-time Gold Glove Award winner (1983-91). Hell, Matt Chapman. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
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