why did melisende queen of jerusalem need a husband

[59] Her mother had died by then too. Baldwin deferred to King Louis VI of France to recommend a Frankish vassel for his daughter's hand. For the Record . In keeping with a royal abbey, Melisende granted the convent the fertile plains of Jericho. She was universally recognized as an exceptional steward for her kingdom, and her rule had been characterized as a wise one by church leaders and other contemporaries. [1][2] Frankish women in the Outremer had a higher life expectancy than among men, in part due to the constant state of war in the region, and as a result Frankish women exerted a wide degree of influence in the region and provided a strong sense of continuity to Eastern Frankish society. The new queen and king were crowned on 14 September. Though influenced by Byzantine and Italian traditions in the illuminations, the artists who contributed to it had a unique and decidedly 'Jerusalem style'. [70] The sultan attacked the kingdom on 26 April 1187. [22], The High Court agreed unanimously that Sibylla should next marry Duke Hugh III of Burgundy. [15] Baldwin IV was therefore chosen, with the expectation that a husband would be found for Sibylla to succeed him if he proved to be affected during his minority. They concurred that Sibylla had the best claim, but disagreed on whether Guy should become king alongside her. Melisende, Fulk did his best to secure the future of his 15-year-old son Geoffrey. This decision would prevent a civil war but also divide the kingdom's resources. Shortly after giving birth to a son, Baldwin, Sibylla came to be associated with her brother in public acts, thereby being designated as next in line to the throne. standing queen chronicled by William of Tyre is Melisende (1131-1161), daughter of Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (1118-1131), wife of King Fulk (1131-1143), and mother of Kings Baldwin III (1143-1163) and Amaury I (1163-1174).3 The surviving illustrated codices of the History of Outremer contain a number of images of Melisende which, [45] Baldwin retained only the royal title and the city of Jerusalem. Melisende sent word to the Pope in Rome, and the west called for a Second Crusade. [58] Baldwin V's paternal grandfather, Marquis William V of Montferrat, arrived in Jerusalem to safeguard the young king's rights. The reason for this is the Falcon that is engraved into the ivory back cover, which is a word-play on the word Fulk. Eleanor had herself been designated by her father, William X, to succeed him in her own right, just as Melisende had been designated to succeed her father. "Much better. Melisende was no mere regent-queen for her son Baldwin III, but a Queen Regnant, reigning by right of hereditary and civil law. Melisende and Fulk faced a challenging relationship test: they ascended to the throne of Jerusalem as queen consort and king. Heir presumptive. He died in a hunting accident in 1143. Two years later, the old king - Baldwin II - died. His father Raymond II of Tripoli had been Count of Tripoli from 1137 and his mother, Hodiera, was a Princess of Jerusalem, the younger sister of Queen Melisende. However within a year she and her husband were at war - which Melisende and her supporters won. Natasha Hodgson introduces Melisende of Jerusalem (c1109-61), the determined heiress of a holy city. She died on 11 September 1161 after a reign of 30 years. Melisende was only the second queen regnant to be famed in Europe, after Urraca of Leon-Castile, and her strength and independence set an example of queenship for noblewomen in the east and the west. Who discover a partner & # x27 ; s power kingdom of Jerusalem son-in-law & # ;. . The brewing conflict in France that followed the accession of King Philip II prevented Hugh from leaving his domain. Her father was elected King of Jerusalem in 1118. . Fulk V could be a potential grandfather to a future ruler of England, a relationship that would out-flank Louis VI. They nevertheless married on2 June 1129. [52] Baldwin failed to take into account Sibylla's steadfast devotion to Guy as well as Guy's friendship with Heraclius, who may have warned the count about Baldwin's intentions. Melisende of Jerusalem. [11] Having no close male relative who could rule as regent on his son's behalf if the latter ascended as a minor, Amalric authorized the archbishop of Tyre, Frederick de la Roche, in 1169 to find a husband for Sibylla in Western Europe. Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem (public domain) Melisende was born in 1105 in Edessa (modern-day Turkey) to the future Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene . @DrAseemMalhotra. In the mid 1130s this changed. Sibylla of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 - 1190, was a tragic figure. The antithesis of a power-hungry woman, she put her affection for her second husband above the well-being of her kingdom and in so being doomed her kingdom to humiliation, defeat and almost complete annihilation. She was married to Fulk from Anjou, on the . He became king while still a child, and was at first overshadowed by his mother Melisende, whom he eventually defeated in a civil war. It was she, of course, who supervised . [5] He succeeded in having his and Agnes's children declared legitimate by Pope Alexander III. [64] The master of the Knights Hospitaller, Roger des Moulins, also declined to be present, more likely due to the oath than out of any opposition to Sibylla. Sybilla hurried to Jerusalem to attend her son's funeral. The age difference was considerable; he was around 16 years older than Melisende. Sibylla's second marriage, to Guy of Lusignan, was arranged in 1180 by her brother likely to foil a coup planned by Raymond, but it deeply divided the nobility. There are two types of queens. Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Courtenay. [61] The queen went to Ascalon with her daughters to defend the city and only surrendered it to Saladin in return for Guy's release, but the sultan nevertheless kept him imprisoned. [61] In an act of continued defiance, Raymond had retired to his fief of Galilee, allied with Saladin, and garrisoned Tiberias with Muslim troops. I began this website in 2013 because I wanted to share these women's amazing stories. Sibylla (Old French: Sibyl; c. 1159 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. [1] As a mark of his love for his wife, Baldwin II had postponed his coronation until Christmas Day 1119 so that Morphia and his daughters could travel to Jerusalem, and so that Morphia could be crowned alongside him as his queen. Both Matilda of England and Sibylla of Jerusalem were hampered by consorts who were unpopular with their subjects; this was certainly a factor in why both 12. [4], When King Baldwin III died in 1163, the High Court forced Amalric to agree to an annulment of his marriage to Agnes in order to be accepted as the new king. The book also describes the time that Eleanor of Aquitaine was there with her husband, the king of France, and the likely influence that trip had on the rest of her life. But unlike her grandmother, Sibylla was young, inexperienced, and unmarried. Though Baldwin had been encouraged to set aside Morphia to make a better political marriage and perhaps father a male heir, he refused and even postponed his coronation so Morphia and their daughters could be there. Fulk was not popular, and his efforts to undermine Melisendesauthority by claiming she was having an affair cost him his own political power. The estrangement between husband and wife was a convenient political tool that Fulk used in 1134 when he accused Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, of having an affair with Melisende. Melisende (1105 - 11 September 1161) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1153, and regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign. Also in 1157, on the death of patriarch Fulcher, Melisende, her half-sister Sibylla of Flanders, and Ioveta the Abbess of Bethany, had Amalric of Nesle appointed as patriarch of Jerusalem. 5.queen melisende. Newaygo Restaurants Open, (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Melisende was born in 1105 in Edessa (modern-day Turkey) to the future Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene. It was attended by half-sister Isabella; Isabella's husband Humphrey and her stepfamily, the Ibelins; and likely by Raymond's stepsons. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. [6] Baldwin may have offered to abdicate in William's favour, but William would have declined because he knew he lacked support among the nobility. Add to cart. 1400)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 December 2022, at 16:27. Agnes bore Amalric three children, Sibylla (b. c. 1158-1160), Baldwin IV (b. Goat Electrolyte Paste, A quick overview. In 1131 upon the untimely death of her father, Melisende became Queen of Jerusalem and co-ruler with her husband. The lord of Oultrejordain and her father-in-law the marquess of Montferrat came to Sybilla's side. [2:] Thus, when Fulk died in a hunting accident in 1143, his eldest son Baldwin succeeded him as king, with his mother Melisende as regent and co-ruler, since she was already queen in her own right. Melisende was queen of Jerusalem and she was good at her job. [41] From March 1181, both Sibylla and Guy were associated with King Baldwin in public acts. She had three younger sisters: Alice, princess . Melisende, the daughter of King Baldwin II, would rule Jerusalem after the death of her father. The Patriarch negotiated lenient terms for peace, and Hugh was exiled for three years. Your sister Alix has remarried and your other niece, Isabelle, is still Queen of Jerusalem. Sibylla was the elder of the two children of the count of Jaffa and Ascalon, Amalric, and his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay. Sibylla's brother, Baldwin IV, died in 1185, having named Raymond to rule as regent for Baldwin V instead of Sibylla or Guy. In 1129 she married Fulk V of Anjou . Queen Melisende's granddaughter, Queen Sybilla, was finally forced to capitulate Jerusalem to the mighty Saladin in 1187, bringing this glorious age of women rulers of Outremer to an end. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.. Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Courtenay.Her father died in 1174, making her heir . Additionally, the queen supplied rich furnishings and liturgical vessels, so that it would not be in any way inferior to religious houses for men. Medieval Podcasts, Podcast. Answer: What made Eleanor of Aquitaine so influential in an era where women typically weren't heard? Ny 529 Login, Replying to . She married King Amalric I of Jerusalem after his marriage to Agnes of Courtenay had been annulled. [1] Women who inherited territory usually did so because war and violence brought many men to premature death, and women who were recognized as queen regnant rarely exercised their authority directly, with their spouse exercising authority jure uxoris, through the medium of their wife. I had an "extra-credit" Saturday session and nearly every student was present. [2], Louis VI chose Fulk V, Count of Anjou and Main, a renownedly rich crusader and military commander, and to some extent a growing threat to Louis VI himself. Why did melisende need a husband? [56] Baldwin IV died in March 1185[46][57] or before 16 May 1185 at the latest, when Sibylla's son, Baldwin V, is recorded as the sole king. Sharan Newman began Defending the City of God as a biography of Melesinde, the first hereditary Queen of Jerusalem, but expanded it to include the lives of her parents, siblings, in laws, more distant relatives, their enemies and the 'many diverse peoples who lived in the Near East'. Melisende was buried at the simple Church of Saint Mary Josaphat in Jerusalem. Though later historians criticized Melisende for not abdicating in favor of her son, there was little impetus for her to do so. Conrad and Louis advised 16-year old Baldwin III to attack the Muslim city-state of Damascus, though Melisende, Manasses, and Eleanor wanted to take Aleppo, which would aid them in retaking Edessa. He withdrew his allegations against Melisende and accepted living with her again. On her death on 5 April 1205, Isabella was succeeded as Queen of Jerusalem by her eldest daughter Maria of Montferrat (reed bellow). Melisende.2 For reasons of brevity only the queens of the first kingdom will be considered hre. According to Ernoul, Sibylla wrote to Baldwin of Ibelin when he was in Saladin's captivity, promising that she would persuade her brother to allow their marriage if he could ransom himself, but was persuaded by her mother to marry Guy of Lusignan, a Poitevin knight, instead. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Queen Melisende of Jerusalem Within fifty years of its capture, Jerusalem, the most prestigious city in Christendom, was ruled by a woman. Melisende, born in 1105 and queen from 1131 until her death in 1161, was the first and unquestionably the most forceful of Jerusalem's queens. Your email address will not be published. Why did melisende need a husband? Melisende and Baldwin were mostly reconciled by 1153, and he realised he needed her while he was on a military campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene . New Homes For Sale In Gainesville, Ga, Over the hundreds of years and all the fables, legends and lore of this mythical fairy or "Dames Blanches" that were told for so long, that the real story of Queen Melisende was. to rule in his absence if he did not trust his female co-ruler. Based on the provisions made and then changed by Baldwin II, Jerusalem became a Kingdom plagued by a political power struggle in which Melisende managed to maintain power from 1131 until 1152. [59] They nevertheless refused to attend,[63] arguing that doing so would violate the oaths taken at Baldwin IV's deathbed,[59] and went so far as to send a delegation of monks to forbid the coronation. Add to cart. [46] But Guy proved far too unpopular to be an effective military leader,[47] and gravely insulted the incapacitated king by refusing to exchange Jerusalem for Tyre. The crusader expedition was led by French Louis VII of France and the German Emperor Conrad III. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene.She was named after her paternal grandmother, Melisende of Montlhry, wife of Hugh I, Count of Rethel. Morphia of Melitene, was the wife of Baldwin II, king of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. [34] Hamilton concludes that their intention was to force the king to have Sibylla marry Baldwin of Ibelin and to then abdicate,[35] and that the king foiled their plan by arranging her marriage to Guy. The crisis in their marriage and reign caused by Melisende's relationship with Hugh, Lord of Jaffa, happened five years ago, and they are working through their domestic and administrative challenges. Sibylla was born in 1160, the daughter of . Rumors flew, accusing Melisende of having an affair with Fulk's biggest rival, the rebel Hugh II. Even so, Baldwin thought Melisende would need a husband to protect her status as queen regnant, and he arranged for her marriage to Fulk of Anjou in 1129, which proved to be a bad decision. When Melisende bore a son and heir in 1130, the future Baldwin III, her father took steps to ensure Melisende would rule after him as reigning Queen of Jerusalem. Finally in 1143 she became the sole ruler of Jerusalem, but . [55], On Baldwin IV's deathbed in early 1185, the right to rule the kingdom as regent in the name of Baldwin V, then a sickly child, was offered to the count of Tripoli. In this case the king is the monarch who rules ad/or reigns in . She and her husband, Fulk V of Anjou, became joint rulers of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1131. Copyright 2023 | MH Magazine WordPress Theme by MH Themes. By Jennifer Edie. After victory at the Battle of Harran, the Muslim forces in the Holy Land fractured into warring . Published: May 26, 2021 at 7:53 am. [29] A group of crusaders from France, led by Count Henry I of Champagne, Peter I of Courtenay, and Philip of Dreux, arrived in July 1179. Translated by John Gillingham. Who were melisende parents? The Haute Cour decided that Baldwin would rule the north of the kingdom and Melisende the richer Judea and Samaria, and Jerusalem itself. In order to prevent Guy's accession to the throne, he had Sibylla's son crowned as co-king and attempted to separate Sibylla from Guy, but she refused. Melisende married Fulk Anjou V (Count of Anjou) and bore a son Baldwin III whom the King wanted to to make heir to the throne. He was the eldest son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem. [81], The Third Crusade was launched in 1189, and Sibylla accompanied Guy to the siege of Acre along with Humphrey, Isabella, Maria, and Balian. With the king your husband dead and the young king not yet ready to bear the business of the kingdom and to carry out the office of king, the eyes of all look to you and on you alone the . Her father was elected King of Jerusalem in 1118. Who were melisende parents? [31] Contemporary chroniclers Ernoul and William of Tyre relate the events differently. Menu Homepage; Il Team; Gli Sponsor; Foto; Video; Eventi; Blog; Contatti Melisende, born in 1105 and queen from 1131 until her death in 1161, was the first and unquestionably the most forceful of Jerusalem's queens. She could not stop the clock, however, and in 1145, Baldwin III, turned 15, the age at which heirs reached their maturity in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. (US& UK), A love to remember Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, The Sister Queens: Isabella & Catherine de Valois by Mary McGrigor Book Review. [23] Philip's only goal was to arrange for Sibylla and her half-sister Isabella to marry Robert and William, respectively, sons of his favourite liegeman Robert V of Bthune. In 1131, they became joint rulers of Jerusalem, although Fulk outshone Melisende and effectively ignored her. When Baldwin II died the next year in 1131, Melisende and Fulk ascended to the throne as joint rulers. She would become queen consort to him - rather than queen regnant, ruling in her own right. [81] The city's defender, Conrad, refused to allow the king and queen into the city, forcing them to spend months outside its walls. In 1156 she concluded a treaty with the merchants of Pisa. In Our Time: S22/10 Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem (Nov 21 2019) 42 related questions found. The couple married in November, and he was granted the County of Jaffa and Ascalon. Female succession had been grounded in recent law and had precedent, as Amalric's mother, Melisende, preceded her sons on the throne. This was reason enough for the queen's party to openly challenge Fulk, as Fulk's unfounded assertions of infidelity was a public affront that would damage Melisende's position entirely. [80] The couple reunited on the island of Arwad near Tortosa, from where they went north to Antioch and then back south to Tripoli, gathering an army along the way. [71] After Muslim troops annihilated the combined armies of the Templars and the Hospitallers at Cresson near Nazareth on 1 May, Raymond was forced by his own vassals to submit to Guy. Hugh was a cousin of Melisende, and also a member of the royal family. The antithesis of a power-hungry woman, she put her affection for her second husband above the well-being of her kingdom and in so being doomed her kingdom to humiliation, defeat and almost complete annihilation. She agreed to her supporters' demand to set Guy aside on the condition that she could choose her next husband. She reigned for thirty years, during which she tenaciously defended her right to rule against both her hu. Jerusalem in 1149, King Louis and his Queen left the Holy Land, setting sail for Italy. [59] Possibly in an attempt to appease Raymond and his party, Guy was not mentioned in it;[63] Sibylla proclaimed that the kingdom had passed to her by right of inheritance. [12] Sibylla's brother was suspected of having contracted leprosy,[12] then an incurable disease that would prevent him from marrying and having children,[13] and Amalric may have seen Sibylla and Stephen as eventual monarchs. She was married to Fulk from Anjou, on the . Of the children that she had born to Fulk two sons survived, Baldwin, who was aged thirteen, and Amalric, aged seven. [65] Upon arrival, he demanded an audience with the queen, who agreed after initial reluctance. Melisende was accused of being the mistress, or lover, of the count of Jaffa, a rival to Fulk, whose name was derived from the port of . Of Melisende as regent, William said that she was 'a most prudent woman, having much experience in almost all worldly . However, before he took the throne for himself, his mother Queen Melisende ruled in his place. In 1159 Agnes' father died in captivity. [76] In September, Saladin besieged Jerusalem. Baldwin was not happy with this decision, and he launched an invasion into his mothers Kingdom. The Patriarch refused. [33], William of Tyre reports that during the Holy Week in 1180 Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch were marching towards Jerusalem to stage a coup against King Baldwin. [24][25] The High Court countered that custom entitled the widowed Sibylla to a year of mourning, which was especially seemly given her pregnancy. Later, William of Tyre wrote of Melisende's right to rule following the death of her father that the rule of the kingdom remained in the power of the lady queen Melisende, a queen beloved by God, to whom it passed by hereditary right. Now, before we discuss Henry in any great depth, we need to take a closer look at his parents. [63] He was nevertheless persuaded to surrender his key to the chest containing regalia. [62] Sibylla acquiesced on three conditions: legitimisation of her daughters by Guy, Guy's retention of Jaffa and Ascalon, and ability to personally choose her next husband. She was not only the hereditary heir to the kingdom, she tenaciously defended her right to rule against both her husband and her son, weathering two attempts to side-line her, albeit successfully only . A match had to be found abroad, but that would have taken too long. Melisende of Jerusalem was queen by right, but her husband Fulk V of Anjou exercised authority by jus uxoris. The victory entrenched Zengi as leader of the Muslims in the Holy Land, a mantle that would be taken up by his son Nur ad-Din and then by Saladin. . [54] Raymond summoned the High Court to Nablus. [40] In order to prevent the opposing party from setting up a rival claimant, the king took his mother's advice and, in October 1180, betrothed his half-sister Isabella, Maria's daughter and Balian's stepdaughter, to Humphrey IV of Toron, stepson of Raynald of Chtillon. [2] The only serious alternative to him was Sibylla, then aged about 15. Even so, Baldwin thought Melisende would need a husband to protect her status as queen regnant, and he arranged for her marriage to Fulk of Anjou in 1129, which proved to be a bad decision. The fears of Baldwin II seemed to be justified, and the continued mistreatment of their queen irritated the members of the Haute Cour, whose own positions would be eroded if Fulk continued to dominate the realm. When Fulk was killed in a hunting accident in 1143, Melisende publicly and privately mourned for him. lifeless body while shrieking and tearing at her clothes and hair in despair. [2][7] Fulk's autocratic style contrasted with the somewhat collegic association with their monarch that native Eastern Franks had come to enjoy. Queen Melisende of Jerusalem Within fifty years of its capture, Jerusalem, the most prestigious city in Christendom, was ruled by a woman. Fulk did, in fact, win the battle: that's why he had been imported as a husband for Melisende, after all. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was the most powerful Crusader State in the Middle Ages. Remember two weeks ago, we discussed the civil war in England and the fact . [26] The opposition to Philip was led by the lord of Ramla, Baldwin of Ibelin, who hoped to be the chosen suitor. From his marriage to Melisende, Fulk had two sons, Baldwin and Amalric. The queen did face the tragic loss of the kingdom of Edessa as well as the continual assault of the Arabs upon the area known as Antioch during this period. [54] Baldwin next attempted to confiscate Jaffa and Ascalon, but only succeeded in revoking Jaffa. Eleanor of Aquitaine (l. c. 1122-1204 CE) was one of the most impressive and powerful figures of the High Middle Ages (1000-1300 CE) - male or female - whose influence shaped the politics, art, medieval literature, and perception of women in her era.. She was the Duchess of Aquitaine, a province of France, from 1137-1204 CE, Queen of France (1137-1152 CE), and Queen of England (1154-1189 CE). the southern campaign had stagnated and no progress had been made in the south Since the civil war, Baldwin had shown his mother great respect. Archivist. They failed to prevent the Egyptian ruler Saladin from destroying the crusader fortress of Le Chastellet, but remained in the kingdom in the hopes of assisting at Sibylla and Hugh's coronation the following year. She was named after her paternal grandmother, Melisende of Montlhery, wife of Hugh I, Count of Rethel. Baldwin was not yet of age to rule so the queen governed on his behalf. By age 24 however, Baldwin felt he could take some responsibility in governance. She had three younger sisters: Alice, princess of Antioch; Hodierna, countess of Tripoli; and Ioveta, abbess of St. Lazarus in Bethany. Translated letter: To the most illustrious queen of Jerusalem, Melisende, Bernard abbot of Clairvaux, to find grace with the Lord. An epidemic struck the crusaders' camp in 1190. She so arranged matters that the kingdom obtained a ruler while she retained a husband. She bore a son and heir in 1130, the future Baldwin III. William of Tyre wrote that Fulk "did not attempt to take the initiative, even in trivial matters, without [Melisende's] knowledge". She died, along with their daughters, of an epidemic outside Acre while Guy was besieging it. It has been argued that the Psalter was given as a gift from Fulk after their dispute and alleged infidelity surrounding Hugh. Sibylla's heir was her half-sister Isabella I.[83]. [46], Saladin attacked Kerak Castle in late 1183 while the wedding of Sibylla's half-sister Isabella to Humphrey of Toron was celebrated. She was married to Fulk from Anjou, on the . Fulk was already a father by his first marriage. Hodierna's daughter, Melisende of Tripoli, was named in honor of the queen. The idea of a dynasty was the backbone of medieval politics. - at the same time, Melisende was besieged in Jerusalem and forced back to her lands in Nablus What had been the effect of the infighting between Baldwin III and his mother? Sigebert "the Lame", King of Cologne 6. This time, Melisende, already sharing the rule of Jerusalem with her husband, pleaded with him not to interfere, and William again refers that 'she had the support of certain nobles'.40 The arrival of Raymond of Poitou to the country and his marriage to the still underaged Constance finally ended Alice's control of 38 WT, 14.9, (p. The city itself is at the center of the picture, with the east pointing up towards the sky - whence Christ allegedly will come . Saladin took advantage of the discord in the kingdom to invade in 1187, reducing the Kingdom of Jerusalem to a single city, Tyre. No mere regent-queen for her son Baldwin III, but a queen,... Now, before we discuss Henry in any great depth, we need to a. Medieval politics so arranged matters that the kingdom obtained a ruler while retained! Lord of Oultrejordain and why did melisende queen of jerusalem need a husband husband hurried to Jerusalem to attend her son, was... 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